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Effect of Filter Settings on the Measured Profile Undulations Per Revolution (UPR) data in
the roundness graphs
Roundness values as measured are greatly affected by variation of filter cutoff value.
It is necessary to set the filter appropriately for the evaluation required. Measurement result graphs
No filter Zq=22.14µm 90
Amplitude180 0 0 360
0 90 180 270
Low-pass Zq=12.35µm Zq=16.60µm Zq=20.72µm Zq=22.04µm
filter 270 Angle
500 upr
A 1 UPR condition indicates eccentricity of the workpiece relative to the rotational
axis of the measuring instrument. The amplitude of undulation components
depends on the levelling adjustment.
90
Amplitude180 0 0
0 90 180 270 360
Band-pass 15 upr 50 upr 150 upr
filter 270 Angle
Zq=17.61µm Zq=18.76µm Zq=14.50µm
A 2 UPR condition may indicate: (1) insufficient levelling adjustment on the
measuring instrument; (2) circular runout due to incorrect mounting of the
workpiece on the machine tool that created its shape; (3) the form of the workpiece
is elliptical by design as in, for example, an IC-engine piston.
90
Amplitude180 0 0
0 90 180 270 360
15-150 upr 15-500 upr 50-500 upr
270 Angle
Evaluating the Measured Profile Roundness
A 3 to 5 UPR condition may indicate: (1) Deformation due to over-tightening of the
Roundness testers (RONt) use the measurement data to generate reference circles whose dimensions define the roundness holding chuck on the measuring instrument; (2) Relaxation deformation due to
value. There are four methods of generating these circles, as shown below, and each method has individual stress release after unloading from the holding chuck on the machine tool that
characteristics so the method that best matches the function of the workpiece should be chosen. created its shape.
90
Amplitude180 0 0 90 180 270 360
0 Angle
Least Square Circle Minimum Zone Circles
(LSC) Method (MZC) Method 270
90
A circle is fitted to the measured profile such that the sum of the squares of the Two concentric circles are positioned to enclose the measured profile such
departure of the profile data from this circle is a minimum. The roundness that their radial difference is a minimum. The roundness figure is then defined Amplitude180 0 0
figure is then defined as the difference between the maximum departures of as the radialseparation of these two circles. 0 90 180 270 360
the profile from this circle (highest peak to the lowest valley).
270 Angle
RONt lRONt
RmaRxmin Rmin A 5 to 15 UPR condition often indicates unbalance factors in the machining method
Rmax or processes used to produce the workpiece.
90
RONt = Rmax-Rmin RONt = Rmax-Rmin Amplitude180 0 0 90 180 270 360
0 Angle
Minimum Circumscribed Maximum inscribed
Circle (MCC) Method Circle (MIC) Method 270
The smallest circle that can enclose the measured profile is created. The The largest circle that can be enclosed by the profile data is created. The 90
roundness figure is then defined as the maximum departure of the profile from roundness figure is then defined as the maximum departure of the profile
this circle. This circle is sometimes referred to as the ‘ring gauge’ circle. from this circle. This circle is sometimes referred to as the `plug gauge' circle. Amplitude180 0 0 L
0 90 180 270
360
270 Angle
RONt RONt
RmaRxmin Rmin A 15 (or more) UPR condition is usually caused by tool chatter, machine vibration,
Rmax coolant delivery effects, material non-homogeneity, etc., and is generally more
important to the function than to the fit of a workpiece.
90
RONt = Rmax-Rmin RONt = Rmax-Rmin Amplitude180 0 0
0
90 180 270 360
270 Angle
90
Amplitude180 0 0 90 180 270 360
0 Angle
270
L-66
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